James Scouller
Sergio Caredda
Scouller, J. (2000). The three levels of leadership: How to develop your leadership presence, knowhow and skill (1st ed.). Management Books Ltd.
Description:
Developed by James Scouller this is an ‘integrated psychological’ leadership approach, by definition of the same author. The 3P Model (also known as the Three Levels of Leadership) builds on Scouller’s idea that the leader must ensure there is leadership across four dimensions:
- Motivating future or purpose
- Task and results
- Upholding group spirit and standards
- Attention to individuals (for example, motivation, confidence, selection, feelings of inclusion)
Scouller’s main idea is that for leaders to be effective in all four dimensions, a leader must work on three specific levels.
- Public Leadership:Â an outer or behavioural level. It covers dimensions 1, 2 and 3 (Purpose, Task, Group Unity).
- Private Leadership: another outer or behavioural level. It covers dimensions 2 and 4 (individual aspects of Task , attention to Individual).
- Personal Leadership:Â an inner level. It covers all four dimensions (Purpose, Task, Group Unity, Individuals), although less directly than the two outer levels.
Personal Leadership affects all four dimensions because it is the source of the effectiveness of a leader, as it encompasses its presence, know-how, skils, attitudes and self-mastery.
‌By joining the four dimensions of leadership (elements that we see also in other models) to the different layers, Scouller proposes a truly interesting model, which integrates different points of views. Particularly his emphasys on the psychological traits developed at the personal, interpersonal and organizational level, is a noticeable advancement.
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